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Tropical Weather Discussion

Purpose

The Tropical Weather Discussion describes major synoptic weather features and significant areas of disturbed weather in the tropics. The product is intended to provide current weather information for those who need to know the current state of the atmosphere and expected trends to assist them in their decision making. The product gives significant weather features, areas of disturbed weather, expected trends, the meteorological reasoning behind the forecast, model performance, and in some cases a degree of confidence.

Content

The Tropical Weather Discussion is a narrative explaining the current weather conditions across the tropics and the expected short-term changes. The product is divided into four different sections as outlined below:

  1. SPECIAL FEATURES (event-driven)
    The special features section includes descriptions of hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical depressions, subtropical cyclones, and any other feature of significance that may develop into a tropical or subtropical cyclone. For active tropical cyclones, this section provides the latest advisory data on the system. Associated middle and upper level interactions as well as significant clouds and convection are discussed with each system. This section is omitted if none of these features is present.
  2. TROPICAL WAVES (event-driven)
    This section provides a description of the strength, position, and movement of all tropical waves analyzed on the surface analysis, from east to west. A brief reason for a wave's position is usually given, citing surface observations, upper air time sections, satellite imagery, etc. The associated convection is discussed with each tropical wave as well as any potential impacts to landmasses or marine interests. This section is omitted if there are no tropical waves present.

  3. ITCZ
    In this section, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is depicted by coordinates from east to west with an outline of all associated convection referenced to the axis, if possible. The ITCZ is depicted based on the following definition: "a zonally elongated axis of surface wind confluence in the tropics, due to confluence of northeasterly and southeasterly trade winds, and/or confluence at the poleward extent of cross-equatorial flow into a near-equatorial 'heat trough' or 'monsoon trough.'"

  4. DISCUSSION
    The discussion section makes reference to middle and upper level features and provides connection to how these features are interacting with or influencing surface features. Convection is outlined with the features as warranted. This section will also provide short-term (up to 48 hours) trends and forecasts of features, especially if they are forecast to strengthen and/or affect landmasses. A discussion of model guidance may also be included. In general, this section is regionalized according to the current weather pattern (i.e. Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Western Atlantic, etc.)

Coverage and intensity for convective and non-convective weather is defined as follows:

COVERAGE FOR CONVECTIVE and NON-CONVECTIVE WEATHER:

NumerousWidespread>54%
ScatteredAreas25% - 54%
Widely scatteredLocal/Locally<25%
Isolated No %, implies circumnavigability


COVERAGE FOR SIGNIFICANT CLOUDS:

Clear0
Few1/8 - 2/8
Scattered3/8 - 4/8
Broken5/8 - 7/8
Overcast8/8


INTENSITY OF CONVECTION (based on cloud top temperatures):

Strong< -70°C (summer)< -60°C (winter)
Moderatebetween -45°C and -70°C (summer)between -35°C and -60°C (winter)
Weak> -45°C (summer)> -35°C (winter)

Coverage

The National Hurricane Center issues two Tropical Weather Discussions, as shown below:

  1. Atlantic
    From the equator to 32°N west of the prime meridian including the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and adjacent land areas. These areas include the southeast United States [especially Florida], Mexico, Central America, northern South America, and western Africa
  2. East Pacific
    From the equator to 32°N east of 140°W including coastal areas of Mexico, and Central and South America.

Issuance/Transmission

  WMO NWWS
Atlantic AXNT20 KNHC MIATWDAT
East Pacific AXPZ20 KNHC MIATWDEP


  Issuance Time
MIATWDAT 105 AM EST
(205 AM EDT)
705 AM EST
(805 AM EDT)
105 PM EST
(205 PM EDT)
705 PM EST
805 PM EDT)
MIATWDEP 0405 UTC 1005 UTC 1605 UTC 2205 UTC

See table for the latest Tropical Weather Discussion


High Seas Forecasts

Purpose

The world's oceans and seas are divided up into 16 separate regions known as "METAREAS" with different nations having responsibility for providing high seas marine forecasts for those waters. These high seas forecasts are used mainly by large transoceanic vessels but can also be used by smaller vessels or those on shorter voyages. The U.S. National Weather Service (through the National Hurricane Center, the Ocean Prediction Center, and the Honolulu Weather Forecast Office) has the responsibility to provide high seas marine forecasts for METAREAS IV and XII, which cover most of the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean. On June 30, 2017, NHC transferred forecast responsibility for the Southeast Pacific Ocean (METAREA XVI) to Peru. These forecasts can be found at https://www.dhn.mil.pe/metareaoceanica and https://www.dhn.mil.pe/metareacostera. NHC will retain forecast backup resonsibility for the Southeast Pacific high seas forecast (HSFEP3) in the event Peru is unable to compose and transmit the product.

Content

The National Hurricane Center issues three High Seas Forecasts for parts of METAREAS IV and XII. Each product is updated every 6 hours and includes a description of winds and waves for the current time (a nowcast) and a 24- and 48- hour forecast of the winds and waves, using a 20 knot threshold for the wind and an 8 feet threshold for the seas. Positions and intensities are also given for tropical cyclones out to the 120-hour forecast. Intermediate forecast times are given for rapidly changing weather events. The High Seas products also include updated descriptions of convection, particularly along the ITCZ. The products include marine warnings for gale, storm, hurricane force winds, and tropical cyclone-related conditions and can also include information on reduced visibility and other marine hazards.

Coverage

  1. Atlantic Ocean (from 7°N to 31°N west of 35°W, including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico)
  2. Northeast Pacific Ocean (from Equator to 30°N east of 140°W and from Equator to 3.4°S east of 120°W)

Issuance/Transmission

High seas products are transmitted under World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and NOAA Weather Wire Service (NWWS) headers as shown in the following table (alternate headers are for high seas products issued by the Ocean Prediction Center, which append the forecasts of the National Hurricane Center):

  Primary Headers Alternate Headers
  WMO NWWS WMO NWWS
Atlantic FZNT02 KNHC MIAHSFAT2 FZNT01 KWBC NFDHSFAT1
Northeast Pacific FZPN03 KNHC MIAHSFEP2 FZPN01 KWBC NFDHSFEPI
Southeast Pacific (Backup) FZPN04 KNHC MIAHSFEP3 (WMO Peru) FQPR01 SPIM

High seas products are issued on a regular six hourly schedule as shown below:

  Issuance Time in UTC
MIAHSFAT2 0430 1030 1630 2230
MIAHSFEP2 0430 1030 1630 2230
MIAHSFEP3 (Backup) 0515 1115 1715 2315

Alternate headers for the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific Forecasts are where TAFB forecasts are appended to High Seas Forecasts of the Ocean Prediction Center. In addition, Atlantic high seas products are transmitted by radiofax.

See table for the latest High Seas Forecast


Offshore Waters Forecasts

Purpose

The Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC) provides forecast and warning information to mariners who travel on the oceanic waters adjacent to the U.S. and its territorial coastal waters in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and portions of the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. The primary alphanumeric product issued by the NHC/TAFB for this purpose is the Offshore Waters Forecast, serving users who operate from the coastal waters out several hundred nautical miles from shore. The Offshore Waters Forecast complements the higher resolution Coastal Waters Forecast produced by local National Weather Service forecast offices and cover the U.S. territorial waters from the coast out to 60 nm offshore.

Content

The Offshore Waters Forecasts cover the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and portions of the Atlantic Ocean south of 31°North and west of 55° West. This area is divided into 32 zones designed in part to take into account the regional marine climatology. The configuration of the Offshore Waters Marine zones is shown on the map below:

Coverage

There are two Offshore Waters Forecast provided by the NHC/TAFB. The MIAOFFNT3 (WMO header FZNT23 KNHC) covers the Caribbean Sea, and portions of the Atlantic Ocean south of 31° North and west of 55° West. The MIAOFFNT4 (WMO header FZNT24 KNHC) encompasses the Gulf of Mexico.

These Offshore Waters Forecasts provide mariners with a general overview of large scale environmental marine conditions out five days, to include winds, seas, and major weather impacts. Marine warnings such as gale warnings or warnings for tropical storms or hurricanes will be headlined for each affected zone through the first 36 hours of the forecast period. In addition, brief, plain-language synopses are included in the forecast for the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and Tropical Atlantic, and the Southwest North Atlantic areas.

Winds represent predominant conditions at 10 meters above the surface of the water. Wind direction is described by the eight points of the compass.

Sea state is described in terms of "significant wave height" which is defined in the NWS Glossary as .the mean or average height of the highest one third of all waves in a swell train or in a wave generating region. It approximates the value an experienced observer would report if visually estimating sea height.. Seas will typically be expressed in terms of a range (e.g. 2 to 4 ft). This is to represent uncertainty in the forecast, especially considering the large areas of each marine zone. In fact, it is important to emphasize that there is a broad spectrum of wave heights at any given time in any part of the ocean, and individual wave heights may be twice the significant wave height. In addition to significant wave height, dominant swell and direction are described as needed.

The Offshore Waters Forecast also includes weather impacts whenever they are expected to pose a danger to navigation. This may be in the form of widespread areas of fog, smoke, or volcanic ash that limit visibility, or large clusters of moderate to strong thunderstorms.

Marine Zone Names and Universal Geographic Codes (UGC's)

Although not technically marine zones, the Synopsis paragraphs also have assigned UGC's as shown below:

Synopses

UGC Synopsis Name
AMZ001

Synopsis for the Caribbean and Tropical N Atlantic from 07N to 19N between 55W and 64W

AMZ101

Synopsis for the SW N Atlantic including the Bahamas

GMZ001

Synopsis for the Gulf of Mexico

Issuance/Transmission

Offshore waters products are transmitted under World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and NOAA Weather Wire Services (NWWS) headers as shown in the following table:

  WMO NWWS
Southwest and Tropical
North Atlantic and Caribbean
FZNT23 KNHC MIAOFFNT3
Gulf of Mexico Forecast FZNT24 KNHC MIAOFFNT4

Offshore waters products are issued on a regular six hourly schedule as shown below:

  Issuance Time
MIAOFFNT3
MIAOFFNT4
430 AM EST
(530 AM EDT)
1030 AM EST
(1130 AM EDT)
430 PM EST
(530 PM EDT)
1030 PM EST
1130 PM EDT)

See table for the latest Offshore Waters Forecast


NAVTEX (Navigational Telex) Marine Forecasts

Purpose

The International Maritime Organization has designated NAVTEX as the primary means for transmitting coastal urgent marine safety information to ships worldwide. In the United States, NAVTEX is broadcast from Coast Guard facilities in Cape Cod, MA; Chesapeake, VA; Savannah, GA; Miami, FL; New Orleans, LA; San Juan, PR; Cambria, CA; Pt. Reyes, CA; Astoria, OR; Kodiak, AK; Honolulu, HI and Guam. The Coast Guard began operating NAVTEX from Boston in 1983.

NAVTEX coverage is reasonably continuous along the east, west and Gulf coasts of the United States, as well the area around Kodiak, Alaska; Guam and Puerto Rico. The U.S. has no coverage in the Great Lakes, though coverage of much of the Lakes is provided by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Content

NHC/TAFB is responsible for producing three NAVTEX forecasts transmitted from New Orleans, Miami, and San Juan. The broadcast includes a synopsis which describes surface weather features that may cause significant winds and seas over the forecast area during the forecast period. The synopsis identifies major weather systems and the strength, trend, and movement of each system. The most detail is focused in the first 48 hours of the forecast. The synopsis also includes tropical cyclone forecast positions out to 120 hours.

The NAVTEX provides a forecast for winds and seas over the affected area for roughly the next 5 days. The forecast also includes significant weather which would pose a hazard to navigation, such as precipitation or restrictions to visibility. Warnings are issued when conditions are expected to meet the specific warning criteria during the 36 hours of the forecast.

NAVTEX forecasts are similar to the Offshore Waters Forecasts, but differ in some in important aspects. Since the NAVTEX zones were designed to accommodate the listening area of their respective transmitters, they are configured differently than the more comprehensive Offshore Waters Forecast zones. The content of both forecasts relates to the same weather elements, covering similar areas, over the same times. However, the NAVTEX forecast differ from the Offshore Waters Forecast in that the NAVTEX zones include coastal areas within 60 nm of the shore, whereas the Offshore Waters Forecasts do not. NAVTEX forecast are required to be less than 89 lines, sometimes limiting the amount of detail that can be included. While Offshore Waters Forecasts are concise, there is no similar limitation to text length. Thus, NAVTEX forecast tend to be of a lower resolution than the Offshore Waters Forecasts. This can result in slight difference in wording between the two products. Warning information will be exactly the same for each forecast, however.

Coverage

Each of the three NAVTEX forecasts produced by NHC/TAFB are described below, along with a map displaying each forecast area: TAFB issues three separate NAVTEX Forecasts, as shown below with the following AWIPS/WMO headers:

Transmitter Product Identifiers Description of Area
Miami, FL FZNT25 KNHC, MIAOFFN04 Flagler Beach, FL to Suwanne River, FL out 200 nm
San Juan, PR FZNT26 KNHC, MIAOFFN05 200 nm surrounding San Juan, PR
New Orleans, LA FZNT27 KNHC, MIAOFFN06 Suwanee River, FL to Rio Grande out 200 nm

Issuance/Transmission

NAVTEX is an international automated medium frequency (518 kHz) direct-printing service for delivery of navigational and meteorological warnings and forecasts, as well as urgent marine safety information to ships. It was developed to provide a low-cost, simple, and automated means of receiving this information aboard ships at sea within approximately 200 nautical miles of shore. NAVTEX stations in the U.S. are operated by the U.S. Coast Guard. There are no user fees associated with receiving NAVTEX broadcasts. Within the U.S., there are no current plans to broadcast NAVTEX on the alternate designated frequencies of 490 or 4209.5 kHz.

NAVTEX is a major element of the Global Marine and Distress Safety System (GMDSS). For further information on NAVTEX, the GMDSS, and worldwide NAVTEX schedules, including coverage diagrams, visit the U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Telecommunications Information webpage. Daily issuance times (in UTC) for each broadcast are 0345, 0945, 1545, and 2145.

See table for the latest NAVTEX Marine Forecasts


High Frequency (HF) Voice Broadcasts - VOBRA

Purpose

The U.S. Coast Guard provides basic weather information from the National Weather Service in the form of routine High Frequency voice broadcasts (also known as "VOBRA") in order to provide service to vessels operating in areas beyond the range of coastal NOAA Weather Radio stations. This information is prepared cooperatively by the Ocean Prediction Center, National Hurricane Center and Honolulu Forecast Office.

Content

There are two Offshore Waters Forecast provided by the NHC/TAFB. The MIAOFFNT3 (WMO header FZNT23 KNHC) covers the Caribbean Sea, and portions of the Atlantic Ocean south of 31° North and west of 55° West. The MIAOFFNT4 (WMO header FZNT24 KNHC) encompasses the Gulf of Mexico.

The two VOBRA forecasts provide mariners with a general overview of large scale environmental marine conditions out five days, to include winds, seas, and major weather impacts. Marine warnings such as gale warnings or warnings for tropical storms or hurricanes will be headlined for each affected zone through the first 36 hours of the forecast period. In addition, brief, plain-language synopses are included in the forecast for the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea and Tropical Atlantic, and the Southwest North Atlantic areas.

Winds represent predominant conditions at 10 meters above the surface of the water. Wind direction is described by the eight points of the compass.

Sea state is described in terms of .significant wave height. which is defined in the NWS Glossary as .the mean or average height of the highest one third of all waves in a swell train or in a wave generating region. It approximates the value an experienced observer would report if visually estimating sea height.. Seas will typically be expressed in terms of a range (e.g. 2 to 4 ft). This is to represent uncertainty in the forecast, especially considering the large areas of each marine zone. In fact, it is important to emphasize that there is a broad spectrum of wave heights at any given time in any part of the ocean, and individual wave heights may be twice the significant wave height. Unlike the Offshore Waters Forecasts, the VOBRA forecasts do not include swell information. This is due the limited broadcast times available.

The VOBRA forecasts also include weather impacts whenever they are expected to pose a danger to navigation. This may be in the form of widespread areas of fog, smoke, or volcanic ash that limit visibility, or large clusters of moderate to strong thunderstorms.

Coverage

TAFB issues two VOBRA text forecasts, as shown below with the following AWIPS/WMO headers:

AWIPS/WMO Identifiers

Identifiers Description of Area
FZNT31 KNHC/MIAOFFN20 Caribbean Sea and portions of the Western Atlantic Ocean South of 31° North
FZNT32 KNHC/MIAOFFN21 Gulf of Mexico

AWIPS Header MIAOFFN20 - WMO Header FZNT31 KNHC

Area of coverage: Caribbean Sea, Southwest North Atlantic (south of 31°North and west of 65° West) and the Tropical North Atlantic (from 07°North to 19°North west of 55°West) and includes the following combination of the offshore waters zones in the Caribbean Sea and Tropical North Atlantic Ocean

  1. NW Caribbean W of 85W
  2. Caribbean N of 15N between 72W and 85W
  3. Caribbean from 11N to 15N W of 70W
  4. SW Caribbean S of 11N
  5. Caribbean between 64W and 72W
  6. Offshore Leeward Islands and adjacent Atlantic waters from 15N to 19N W of 55W
  7. Offshore Windward Islands and adjacent Atlantic waters from 07N to 15N W of 55W

and the southwest North Atlantic

  1. Atlantic waters from 27N to 31N W of 77W
  2. Atlantic waters from 27N to 31N between 65W and 77W
  3. Bahamas N of 22N
  4. Atlantic waters from 22N to 27N between 65W and the Bahamas
  5. Atlantic waters S of 22N W of 65W
  6. Atlantic waters from 19N to 22N between 55W and 65W

Combination of offshore zones for the MIAOFFN20 VOBRA text product.

AWIPS Header MIAOFFN21 - WMO Header FZNT32 KNHC

Area of coverage: Gulf of Mexico and includes the following combination of the offshore waters zones in the Gulf of Mexico Portions of Offshore Waters Forecasts parsed into the Broadcast:

  1. Gulf of Mexico N of 26N W of 87W
  2. Gulf of Mexico from 22N to 26N W of 87W
  3. Gulf of Mexico S of 22N W of 87W
  4. Gulf of Mexico E of 87W

Combination of offshore zones for the MIAOFFN21 VOBRA text product.

Issuance/Transmission

The transmissions originate from six sites located around the country and the transmission range is dependent upon operating frequency, time of day and atmospheric conditions and can vary from only short distances to several thousand miles. Best reception can be achieved by proper selection of frequency and an adequate antenna system. HF Voice Broadcasts covering TAFB's marine area of responsibility are conducted by the USCG from transmitter sites in Chesapeake, VA, and (New Orleans) Belle Chase, LA. See table below for station broadcast schedules.

HF Voice Broadcast Schedule

Zone forecast broadcast times indicated by orange shading. High Seas forecast broadcast times indicated by unshaded times.

Chesapeake (NMN)

Frequency Time (UTC)
4426, 6501, 8764 kHz (USB) 0330 0515 0930          
6501, 8764, 13089 kHz (USB)       1115 1530   2130 2315
8764, 13089, 17314 kHz (USB)           1715    

New Orleans (NMG)

Frequency Time (UTC)
4316, 8502, 12788 kHz (USB) 0330 0515 0930 1115 1530 1715 2130 2315

See table for the latest HF Voice Broadcasts


Pan-American Temperature and Precipitation Table

Purpose

The Pan-American Temperature and Precipitation Table is a collection of temperature and precipitation data and present weather for selected cities in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean area. It provides general weather conditions two times per day for general public use domestically and internationally.

Content

This product provides general weather conditions, high and low temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and degrees Celsius (°C), and measured precipitation in the previous 6, 12, or 24 hours, as indicated, for selected cities in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean area. The morning product contains the low temperature for the current day and the high temperature for the previous day. The evening product contains the low and high temperature for the current day.

Coverage

The Pan-American Temperature and Precipitation Table includes the following stations (as shown in the map above):

Acapulco, MexioMerida, Mexico
BarbadosMexico City, Mexico
BermudaMontego Bay, Jamaica
Bogotá, ColombiaMonterrey, Mexico
Curaçao, Netherlands AntillesNassau, Bahamas
Freeport, BahamasSan Juan, Puerto Rico
Guadalajara, MexicoSt. Thomas, Virgin Islands
GuadeloupeTegucigalpa, Honduras
Havana, CubaTrinidad
Kingston, JamaicaVeracruz, Mexico
Mazatlán, Mexico

Issuance/Transmission

The Pan-American Temperature and Precipitation Table is transmitted under World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and NOAA Weather Wire Services (NWWS) headers as shown below:

  WMO NWWS
Pan-Am Table SXCA01 KNHC MIATPTPAN


  Valid Time Issuance Time
Morning MIATPTPAN 700 AM EST
(800 AM EDT)
by 950 AM EST
(1050 AM EDT)
Evening MIATPTPAN 700 PM EST
(800 PM EDT)
by 950 PM EST
(1050 PM EDT)

See table for the latest Pan-American Temperature and Precipitation Table


Tropical Surface Analysis / NWS Unified Surface Analysis



Purpose

The Tropical Surface Analysis is created every six hours to depict the current state of atmosphere, specifically the sea level pressure field and any relevant synoptic surface features. The Tropical Surface Analysis is attached to surface analyses over North America, the North Atlantic Ocean, the North Pacific Ocean, and the Western Pacific Ocean to create the National Weather Service Unified Surface Analysis.

Content

The Tropical Surface Analysis and NWS Unified Surface Analysis depict the sea level pressure field by showing lines of equal pressure, usually in increments of four millibars (mb) but often in increments of two millibars where the pressure gradient is weaker (especially in the tropics). The analysis also depicts important surface features that affect the weather, including areas of high and low pressure, frontal systems (cold, warm, stationary, and occluded), troughs, tropical cyclones, tropical waves, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), drylines, and squall lines.

Coverage

The Tropical Surface Analysis is created by the National Hurricane Center and covers the area approximately from 30°N to 20°S between 0° and 140°W. This area includes the tropical and subtropical areas of the Atlantic and East Pacific Oceans, Mexico, Florida, the Caribbean, South America, and West Africa. For radiofax purposes, the analysis is split into three different areas:

  1. Atlantic (East Half from 5°S to 50°N between 0° and 70°W)
  2. Atlantic (West Half from 5°S to 50°N between 55°W and 125°W)
  3. Eastern Pacific (from 20°S to 40°N between 70°W and 150°W)

The NWS Unified Surface Analysis is created by merging the separate surface analysis produced by the National Hurricane Center, the Weather Prediction Center, the Ocean Prediction Center, and the Honolulu Weather Forecast Office. The total area spans from the equator northward nearly to the North Pole, from 20°E westward to 130°W. This covers the area from Europe and Central Africa westward across North and South America to East Asia.

Issuance/Transmission

The Tropical Surface Analysis is transmitted by radiofax via New Orleans, Pt. Reyes, and Honolulu according to the following table:

  New Orleans, LA
(East Half)
New Orleans, LA
(West Half)
Pt. Reyes, CA Honolulu, HI
Valid
Time (UTC)
Transmit
Time (UTC)
Filename Transmit
Time (UTC)
Filename Transmit
Time (UTC)
Filename Transmit
Time (UTC)
Filename
0000 0620 PYEA86.TIF 0605 PYEB86.TIF 0408 PYFA96.TIF 0356 PYFA96.TIF
0600 1220 PYEA87.TIF 1205 PYEB87.TIF 0945 PYFA97.TIF 0954 PYFA97.TIF
1200 1820 PYEA85.TIF 1805 PYEB85.TIF 1608 PYFA98.TIF 1556 PYFA98.TIF
1800 0020 PYEA88.TIF 0005 PYEB88.TIF 2150 PYFA99.TIF 2154 PYFA99.TIF
latest   PYEA11.TIF   PYEB11.TIF   PYFA90.TIF   PYFA90.TIF

The analyses are also updated on the NHC webpage by 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC for the 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC surface analyses, respectively.

See table for the latest Tropical Surface Analysis


Significant Wave Height Analysis


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Page last modified: Tuesday, 05-Apr-2022 18:44:25 UTC