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Marty was a category 2 hurricane (on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale) when it made landfall on the southern Baja California peninsula. Marty then spread strong winds and heavy rains up the entire Gulf of California before dissipating. Marty was responsible for 12 deaths.

a. Synoptic History

Marty developed from a tropical wave that moved into the eastern North Pacific basin from Central America on 10 September. Convection associated with the wave became more persistent on 16 September south of Manzanillo, Mexico, and on 18 September the convection began to become organized. The system received its initial Dvorak classification at 1200 UTC that day, and it is estimated that a tropical depression had formed by 1800 UTC, about 450 miles south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.

The "best track" chart of the tropical cyclone's path is given in Figure 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listed in Table 1. South of a weak mid-level ridge and in a light shear environment, the depression moved to the west-northwest at about 5 kt and strengthened, becoming a tropical storm at 0600 UTC 19 September about 400 n mi south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas. Relatively little development occurred over the next day or so, perhaps due to some relatively dry air entering the system from the east. Around 1200 UTC 20 September, Marty's very intense but previously shapeless convection began to develop into bands and the pace of development increased as the system moved slowly northwestward. Marty became a hurricane at 0000 UTC 21 September about 265 miles south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas. Late on 21 September, Marty turned to the north-northwest around the periphery of the mid-level ridge and began to accelerate and strengthen in a region of enhanced upper-level divergence. By 0600 UTC 22 September, when Marty was 165 miles south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas, the hurricane's maximum winds had reached their peak intensity of 85 kt. Marty was moving northward at about 17 kt when it made landfall at 0930 UTC 22 September near San Jose del Cabo, just east of Cabo San Lucas, with estimated maximum winds of 85 kt.

Shortly after 1200 UTC, Marty turned to the north-northwest and the center entered the Gulf of California near La Paz. Marty then moved along the eastern coast of southern Baja California, possibly making numerous landfalls on the islands and/or the coastline south of Santa Rosalia during the afternoon and evening of 22 September. Marty weakened to a tropical storm by 0000 UTC 23 September near Santa Rosalia, and then headed into the northern Gulf of California where it was stalled by a mid-level high over Nevada. Although the cyclone's winds were decreasing, Marty continued to produce heavy rains that primarily affected mainland Mexico and then spread into Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Deep convection with the cyclone began to diminish and Marty weakened to a tropical depression late on 23 September. Over the next two days Marty meandered in and around the northern Gulf of California, degenerating to a non-convective remnant low by 0000 UTC 25 September. The remnant circulation drifted south-southwestward and dissipated over the northern Baja California peninsula early on 26 September.

b. Meteorological Statistics

Observations in Marty (Figure 2 and Figure 3) primarily consisted of satellite-based Dvorak technique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB), the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) and the U. S. Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).

Ship reports of winds of tropical storm force associated with Marty are given in Table 2. The ship observation at 0600 UTC 19 September contributed to the decision to upgrade Marty to a tropical storm. Selected surface observations from land stations are given in Table 3. Sustained winds (10-min average) of 76 kt, with a gust to 102 kt, were recorded at Cabo San Lucas. Cabo San Lucas also reported 8 in of rain. There was an unofficial report from the marine vessel S. V. Sea Witch, anchored in La Paz harbor, of a minimum pressure of 971.9 mb during the passage of the center over La Paz. As Marty moved up the Gulf of California, tropical storm conditions were reported in a number of locations, including Santa Rosalia on the Baja peninsula and Los Mochis on the Mexican mainland (Table 3).

c. Casualty and Damage Statistics

The Mexican government reports 12 deaths associated with Marty in three states: 5 in Southern Baja California, 5 in Sonora, and 2 in Sinaloa. These totals include two individuals officially listed as missing but who are presumed dead. Media reports indicate that the deaths in Southern Baja California were associated with vehicles being swept away by rising river waters, with some or all of the deaths in Sonora associated with the sinking of a fishing boat near Guayamas. No monetary damage estimates have been provided, although media reports indicate that roughly 4000 homes were damaged in Southern Baja California. There was extensive damage to marine interests in the La Paz area, in Puerto Escondido, and from other locations along the Baja peninsula. Some beach erosion was reported at San Felipe in the northern Gulf of California.

d. Forecast and Warning Critique

Average official track errors for Marty (Table 4) were 42, 84, 120, 156, 248, 399, and 670 n mi for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively¹. These errors are larger than the average official track errors for the 10-yr period 1993-2002² - considerably so for the longer forecast periods. Official track forecasts for Marty had a significant westward bias (Figure 4) that persisted until less than 24 h prior to landfall. Early model guidance, especially the GFS (and the models dependent on the GFS), did not sufficiently weaken the mid-level ridge north of the cyclone and as a result also had a westward bias. The GFDL was the first model to predict a more northward track, but perhaps because this model has often had a northward bias in the eastern Pacific, the official forecasts were adjusted northward only slowly. Although the official forecasts were incrementally shifted to the right with each forecast cycle, they remained consistently to the west of the GUNS and GUNA consensus models, which outperformed the official forecasts by a substantial margin (Table 4). The hurricane's acceleration just prior to landfall was also under-forecast.

Average official intensity errors were 7, 9, 11, 11, 13, 24, and 39 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively. For comparison, the average official intensity errors over the 10-yr period 1993-2002² are 6, 11, 15, 17, 20, 18, and 19 kt, respectively. The official forecast errors were smaller than the long-term average through 72 h; beyond that, the forecast intensities were too high because the track forecasts did not anticipate Marty's landfall (and associated weakening).

Table 5 lists the watches and warnings associated with Marty. A hurricane warning was issued at 1500 UTC 21 September, about 18.5 h prior to the arrival of the center; this is less warning than is typically provided or considered desirable. The slow and westward biases in the official forecasts contributed to the relatively short lead time of the hurricane warning. Despite official forecasts that anticipated a landfall on the western side of southern Baja California, both sides of the peninsula were correctly included in the hurricane warning area.

Acknowledgments

The Weather Service of Mexico and the U. S. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tucson, AZ contributed data for this report.

Figure 1: Best track positions for Hurricane Marty, 18-24 September 2003.

Figure 2: Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Marty, 18-24 September 2003. Solid vertical line indicates Marty's landfall in southern Baja California. A scatterometer wind estimate is indicated by the "x".

Figure 3: Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Marty, 18-24 September 2003. Solid vertical line indicates Marty's landfall in southern Baja California.

Figure 4: Selected official track forecasts (at 12 h intervals) for Hurricane Marty, 18-24 September 2003 (dashed lines, with 0, 12, 24, 36 ,48, and 72 h positions indicated) . The best track is given by the thick solid line with positions given at 6 h intervals.